E-COMMERCE

INTRODUCTION

Alhamdulilahirabbilalamin, praise be to Allah Lord of the Worlds, who created the heavens and the earth. Lord who has given us lots of enjoyment. Creating knowledge science and provide insight to the man who studies him. Hopefully each of our steps in understanding any science into good deeds. And peace and the Prophet bestowed and poured out our Prophet, Muhammad Sallallahu a `laihi wasallam, which brings us to the time of the darkness into the bright days. From the era of ignorance into knowledge. uswatun hasannah for us that we must follow.
In writing this paper can not be separated from the support of other parties. The author wishes to thank: our parents who always give a prayer in every breath of his life. To our teachers who took the time to teach benefit our knowledge to the world and the hereafter. Spesialy to Muhammad Isa, birch, and MEIDosen us in understanding economic engglis. May Allah give health and happiness always provide for our teachers.
We made this paper is not merely to fulfill the task of economic Englis. This paper we made for to impormation reader, that technology can provide benefit for our lives. included in the economic field.
In making this paper, the author realized that there are deficiencies, the authors expect karna criticism and constructive suggestions from readers. In order for this paper to be a better. please tell the reader criticism and suggestions to the e mail: fadil_chuby@yahoo.co.id or visit our website at www.themojangbandung.blogspot.com. Thank you bothered to read our papers.

Bogor, March 17, 2010


created
CHAPTER 1
Introduction


Electronic commerce (e-commerce), is a commercial transaction is done online in a computer network arranged in a database between the parties with the product providers who need the product.
The term Electronic Commerce last few years new attention, in fact E-commerce has been established in various forms for more than 20 years. The term e-commerce can be interpreted differently by each person, which is important to understand the equations: e-commerce involves more than one company, and can be applied to almost every type of business relationship.
Ecommerce allows you to sell products and services online. Prospective customers or consumers can find your site, read and view products, order and pay for these products secaraonline.
There are two types of companies that do business on the internet. Type the first company solely on the internet. This type of companies do not have a shop or do business traditionally. For example: amazon.com and cdnow.com.
The development of e commerce so fast, encouraged us to looking for as where the system e commerce in the use, development, advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we also discuss some of the e commerce sharia.


 
CHAPTER 2
Discussion
2.1 Definitions
On the website there is understanding of ecommerce whatis.com is associated with the purchase and sale of goods or services over the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. According to Robert E. Johnson, III in http://www.cimcor.com, e-commerce is an act of conduct electronic business transactions using the Internet as a communication medium primary.
On the website ECARM (The Society for Electronic Commerce And Rights Management) explained that the e-commerce generally indicates all forms of transactions relating to aktivities trade, including organizations and individuals based on the processing and transmission of digital data including text, sound, and image - visual images (OECD, 1997).
In the E-commerce website Net, simply explained that e-commerce is the selling of merchandise and or services via the internet. All the actors involved in the practical business applied here, such as customer service, products available, policies, return goods and money, advertising, etc..
E-commerce or e-commerce is part of e-business, in which the scope of e-business more broadly, not just trade but also includes colaborating business partners, customer service, etc. jobs. Apart from www network technologies, E-commerce also requires database technology or data base (databases), e-mail or electronic mail (e-mail), and non-technological forms of other computers as well as delivery systems, and tools for e-payment This commerce
2.2 Growth
E-commerce was first introduced in 1994 when first-electronic banner used for promotional and advertising purposes on a web-page (website). According to Forrester Research, electronic commerce generated sales worth U.S. $ 12.2 billion in 2003. According to another report in October 2006, online retail revenues of non-travel in the United States expected to reach a quarter of a trillion U.S. dollars in 2011.
Commercialization and privatization of the Internet which increased a few years ago, has become the primary growth of Electronic Commerce. In the past, the business world can do activities from each other through a special network but the drastic growth of the Internet has changed the paradigm and eventually make it more widely.
From various statistical existing e-commerce seems to be increasingly widespread, especially in the United States of course. International Data Corporation http://www.idc.com/ memprojeksikan that 46 million Americans will buy an e-commerce through a variety of goods worth U.S. $ 16 million in 2001, and U.S. $ 54 million in 2002. Http://www.forrester.com/ Forrester Research predicts e-commerce sales of about U.S. $ 7 million in 2000. For the long term, Morgan Stanley Dean Witten http://www.deanwitter.com/ to Estimate the sales through e-commerce in 2005 was between U.S. $ 21 million s / d $ 115 U.S. million.
Acording to the magazine businessman and finance, Desember2007 edition of 57 months. Year 2008 business online became the most profitable business all year recommended type of business is to be internet marketer, founded the webstore, as well as Internet-based sales, etc.. Compared with business computer systems, data processing, and other information services.
Year 2007 kompas.com be pocketing revenues of about Rp 40 billion from online advertising. Whereas in 2008 rose 50% or reach Rp 80miliar. Magazine marketing 07/x1/juli 2009.
Last year the number of bloggers has doubled from the previous year to a million bloggers. Internet users in the country reached more than 30 million users in 2009. So the government set October 27 as National Blogger Day. This is evidence grwith Internet and the increasing extent of the opportunity to do business through e-commerce
 
2.3 Scope Of E-Commerce
picture 1.1 Scope Of E-Commerce
ELECTRONIC BUSINESS, the scope of electronic commerce activities in a broad sense. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, is the scope of trade conducted electronically, which included: trade via the Internet (Internet Commerce)
Trade with fasilitasWeb Internet (Web-Commerce) Trade with structured data exchange system electronically (Electronic Data Interchange / EDI).
2.4 Category E-Commerce
2.4.1 Business to Business e-commerce (B2B)
Commerce transactions conducted via the internet by two or more companies. Commercial transactions are often referred to as Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) or supply chain management. Grainger.com sells industrial supplies to large and small businesses through its Web site. Website: www.grainger.com
2.4.2 Business to Consumer e-commerce
Are buying or selling via the Internet between consumption’s goods seller with the customer (end user). Walmart.com sells merchandise to consumers via its Web site Website: www.walmart.com

2.4.3 Consumer-to-consumer ecommerce (or C2C)
Participants in an online market to buy and sell each other belongings Consumers and businesses trade with each other on eBay.com www.ebay.com
2.4.4 Business-to-government, ecommerce (or B2G)
Businesses selling goods or services to government and government agencies Cal-Buy Portal for businesses that want to sell online to the State of California Website: www.pd.dgs.ca.gov / calbuy / default.htm
2.4.5 Business Processes
Businesses and other organizations maintain and use information to identify and evaluate customers, suppliers and employees (and to support the purchase, lease sales, planning and other activities). The more information that is used together (sharing)
Dell Computer uses a secure Internet connection to share sales and forecast current with its suppliers to use to plan their production
2.5 Opportunities E-Commerce

Picture 1.2 Opportunities E-Commerce
In the picture explains that occurred reciprocal relationship between the new markets that obtained by the use of e-commerce, as well as reciprocal relationship between the company with suppliers, customers and partners work.
Corporate relationships with suppliers and partners work will bring opportunities to create new business processes, while the company's relationships with customers and partners will work to create opportunities bring new products & services produced by the company.
2.6 Strengths
2.6.1 E-Commerce Has Many Advantages Including:
1) a very broad market
By marketing through the Internet, you can market your business all over the world. Of course this also limited by your ability to deliver products / services you offer. To be sure, if you want, you can get clients from all over the world.

2) Promotion cheaper
Many place in Internet allows you to conduct a campaign with a very minimal budget, an example, to install the banner in www.dunia-ibu.com visited about 900 people per day, you only have to fund about Rp. 100,000 per month.not with more places scattered free promotion on the internet for example in the social networking site facebook.

3) Less Capital
With oneline run the business over the Internet, you do not need to have a shop / office as business in general. Internet business people like to follow up sales via email, so you do not need to remove the transportation costs to visit your potential clients.

4) The automation,
system that works 24 hours a day, can be run half time. process automation to replace manual processes. ( "enterprise resource planning" concept). So, you more working plenty of time other things. exchange of data or information between the various parties that would minimize the "human error" ( "electronic data interchange / EDI" concept)
2.6.2 Benefits Of E-Commerce For Business
By doing business online, companies can reach customers around the world. Business people can gather information about its customers through the use of cookies. Cookies are small files contained in the user's hard disk when the user is entering a website.
Cookies help this website operators to gather information about the buying habits conducted by a group of people. This information is invaluable for the business because the information had been made to make businesses better target advertising with better information about the demographic
2.6.3 Benefits Of E-Commerce For Consumers
The biggest advantage for consumers is to do business online with ease. A buyer in the internet can use personal computers during the morning or evening 7 days per week to buy almost all goods.
A consumer does not need to queue at the store or even leave the house; done just click on a product you want to buy, enter credit card information, then wait for the product by mail TIBS.
Some online stores keep customers credit card information on their servers, so that the required information entered only once. Some online businesses do not send his products even to the customer by post, especially that sells computer software. For example: beyond.com allows its customers to download the purchased software directly into their computers.
Other products such as video and music will be available this way in the future, consistent with the increased bandwidth from time to time and increased download time. Another advantage offered by the e-commerce to the consumer is cost reduction. Companies that sell shares online, like etrade.com charge only about $ 10 per trade, which is much cheaper than buying stock through a traditional stock broker.
In summary the advantages as well as ecommerce following:
• For consumers: cheaper prices, simply to satutempat shop.
• Manager for business: efficiency, without error, timely
• For Management: increased revenue, customer loyalty.
2.7 Steps To Making Business Oneline (E-Commerce)
1. Step 1 determines who wish to sell products
Before you decide which products we want to sell, ask first to dirikita own. Knowing our skills, so we know the goods or services that are fit for the sale. Observe others oneline business so we can follow succesfulness. Find know what the costomer want our business so loved costomer

2. Step 2 Determine The Right Business Name
A good name is the ear-catching, easy to remember and reflect our overall business. For example, Oneline Bookstore Kutukutubuku.com and slogan 'no sugar no milk but the book'

3. Deal with problems Step 3 Payment
Common payment system today is Cash on Delivery (cod) and Bank Transfer. With COD, customers can pay when the goods arrived place. However, if Trasfer Bank, the costomer should pay in advance to our account. later, there will be transactions that we have to check fond to make a bank account. Make your Internet account to bangking can easily check and transactions. For example on the internet bangking BCA, http://www.klikbca.com

4. 4th Step Work with service delivery
Delivery of goods will be important in oneline business. Ostomer a lively, waiting for a night, would be bad for our campaign. sending services then make sure that we use are quality.
2.8 Key success factors in e-commerce.

In many cases, an e-commerce companies can survive not only rely on strength alone product, but with a reliable management team, punctual delivery, good service, organizational structure is good business, infrastructure and network security, web site design good, several factors which include:
A. Provide competitive pricing
B. Purchases provide a responsive, fast, and friendly.
C. Providing information goods and services a complete and clear.
D. Provide as much bonus coupons special offers, and discounts.
E. Giving special attention such as the proposed purchase.
F. Providing a sense of community for discussion, input from customers, and others.
G. Facilitate the trading activities
H. The domain name is easy on the mind of people
I. Do not make prospective buyers fill out a long form
J. Enter the link to the page describing the service policy for the buyer
K. Include a link "helf" and castemer servicis.
L. Provide information shiping cos
M. Provide a variety of payment alternatives.
A good website is a web that can make at home visitor a long time and always wanted to visit the site
 
Chapter 3
Ecommerce by sharia
3.1 BASIS Evidence
At home, the law of any kind is allowed Mu'âmalah. There is no one model / type of any Mu'âmalah not allowed, unless found to be the authentic texts that forbid, or the model / type mu'amalah's mu'amalah contrary to Islamic principles. Essentially is the word of God,



"Say, 'Tell me about rizki God revealed to you, then you make some clean and some kosher." Say, 'What God has given you permission (about this), or are you making this in the name of God. " (Surah Yunus: 59)
3.2 E-commerce in the Perspective of Law burdensome Islam
Islam is not a rigid religion and frozen, but a dynamic evolving doctrine with the times, science and technology, are not bound by space and time. His universally will be evident especially in the field of muamalah, because of muamalah not only wide-ranging and dynamic, not even giving special treatment for Muslims and does not distinguish it from non-Muslims
Commerce is a way for mankind to survive and socialize with one another. Allah and His Messenger have set the exchange of goods with the consent of both parties in a commercial transaction as being lawful or permitted, and prohibits others took it without consent and permission from them.
To determine whether the e-commerce in conflict or are not reviewed from the standpoint of the legal commitment of Islam it is necessary to comparated the terms and pillar.
 
According to the opinion of scholars jumhur A trade / sale and purchase can be said to have been valid if it meets the requirements of harmonious and determined by syara '. Harmonious and requirements regarding commercial / trading, these scholars argue, harmonious trading there are four, namely:
1. Settle an agreement’s people
In general, al-'aqid (actors) is required to master and have the ability to perform covenant or able to be a substitute for other people if he became deputy.
In an e-commerce transactions, consumer be asked to fill out payment information (which is usually accompanied by entering a secret code) in the form of purchase slip which has provided the merchant website and then carried through the payment authorization gateway. Of authorization can be known that he was actually the legal owner and the authorized use. On the seller, the merchant has a digital certificate from the CA tesebut guarantee the identity of parties that he really exists and has the authority to conduct transactions online. What is important in conducting online transactions is both parties must understand the operation of computers and the Internet, and it is not possible for people who do not have perfect skills, as do children who are not reasonable or crazy person. Thus, e-commerce transactions has met along the top.

2. Sighat (pronunciation ijab and qabul);
Sighat covenant is something that is resting from the two parties over seetle an agreement showing what is in the heart both of the occurrence of a covenant. This can be identified by words deeds, signs, and writing. Is usually called Shighat ijab and qabul
In the Islamic commitment law, consent and qabul statement can be oral, written / correspondence, or gesture that gives a clear understanding of the consent and qabul, and may also include acts that has become common practice in consent and qabul.
Objectives contained in the statement qabul consent and there must be clear and fitness, so it can be understood by each party. Also qabul implementation and final offer must also be directly connected in an assembly. If both parties attend and meet in a place to carry out the transaction, then the covenant is called the tribunal, however, permissible in a different place, but it was understood by both of them so that they understand each other.
Jumhur scholar argues, if the above transactions have become customs of a society, then such sale is permissible, provided that the purchase and sale activity has met the voluntary element (like both like) between the two sides, as mentioned in the letter an-Nisa ': 29, which reads:
ﺍﻻﺍﻥﺗﮑﻮﻥﺗﺠﺎﺭﺓﻋﻥﺗﺮﺍﺽﻣﻨﻜﻢ
Meaning:
"... Except with the prevailing trade path with the same likes likes of you ...

In an e-commerce transactions, consumer and merchants met in an assembly that is "virtual assembly". Buyers and sellers are not in one particular place in the physical sense and could have done transactions from various different countries. If there is a difference between the information provided within the site with the merchandise and has made payment of the goods, the buyer can notify the seller or return the goods and took money he had paid.
Basically the consensus statement on e-commerce transactions with the statement as a transaction agreement in Islamic commitment, a statement the deal can be done in various ways and through various media, but the substance is a statement of intention is understandable by both parties to a transaction, so it can be manifested as willingness on both sides.
3. Object transactions (items sold)
Contract object shapes can be tangible objects and intangible objects. Regarding commodity which is used as the object of transactions in e-commerce depends on the supply side of merchants and the consumer orders, what types of commodities and how that will be purchased.
Commodities are traded in e-commerce can be a commodity and commodity digital non-digital, digital to commodities such as electronic newspaper, etc. digital library. can be directly delivered to the consumer via internet. While non-digital commodities can not be submitted directly via the internet but the media is sent via a courier service in accordance with the agreed specifications of the commodity of time and place of delivery.

Basically the object which is used as commodities in e-commerce transactions are not different from the transactions outlined in the commitment of Islamic law as long as the transaction object of lawful commodities, have the value and benefits to humans and have a good clarity of form, function and condition and can be transferred at the time and place agreed upon.
4 There is a replacement exchange item.
The scholars agreed that the replacement rate in the transaction of goods must be determined and known by the parties involved in the transaction. This provision is intended to eliminate ambiguities that could lead to future disputes, such as payments made with cash, have described the amount and the currency used, or when the goods, it must explain the type, quality and character.
In an e-commerce transactions via the Internet, before the payment is made each party has agreed on the amount and type of currency used as payment. Consumer to order the issuer for and on behalf of the consumer made a number of payments over the price of goods to the Acquirer is directed to the merchant. Once payment is received by the merchant, then followed by the fulfillment of achievement by the merchant shipping of goods in accordance with an agreement on the time of delivery and specification of goods.
Payment / prices in e-commerce transactions, in principle, meet the provisions contained in the system of Islamic commitment. Payment / prices in e-commerce transactions is something valuable and useful. Money is used as a substitute payment instrument items can be determined and known by the parties involved in the transaction and be paid according to agreement soon after the authorization process is completed.

 
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING

Electronic commerce (e-commerce), is a commercial transaction is done online in a computer network arranged in a database between the parties with the product providers who need the product.
Commercialization and privatization of the Internet which increased a few years ago, has become the primary growth of Electronic Commerce. In the past, the business world can do activities from each other through a special network but the drastic growth of the Internet has changed the paradigm and eventually make it more widely.
E-commerce has a scope that is broad and promising wiil be profit enormously. Has many advantages. To PEMBISNIS as well as for consumers. Denan though indeed there are still some obstacles to overcome. But in general the use of the system e-commerce is very efficient. Compared with commercial with system traditional.
E-commerce is divided to five categories, namely: Business to Business e-commerce (B2B), Business to Consumer e-commerce, Consumer-to-consumer ecommerce (or C2C), Business-to-government, ecommerce (or B2G), Business Processes
Learning the system e-commerce, is not as easy as reversing the palm of the hand, but not as difficult as looking for a needle in a pile of weeds. Means to study the system of e-commerce requires a willingness and enthusiasm. Still rare books on e-commerce. No reason for us not to learn about the system e commerce. Because knowledge about e-commerce can be found through the internet, magazines etc.
View of the pillars of buying and selling according to sharia is People seetle an agreement, Sighat (pronunciation ijab and qabul),'s exchange replacement goods. Grounded in the proposition that establishes the law muamalah that allowed before the ban. System e-commerce may be applied in commerce



BIBLEOGGRAPHY

Ollie. 2008. Membuat Toko Online dengan Multiply.Jakarta Selatan : Mediakita
Dini Shanti, 17 Febuari 2007. Bagaimana Memulai Bisnis Melalui Internet. Dalam: Wirausaha dan Keuangan. Edisi 47.
Anne ahira. April 2007. Memulai Bisnis Oneline. Dalam wirausaha dan keuangan edisi 049/12/Th.VI.
(anonym). Desember 2007. Bisnis Paling Prospk Sepanjang Tahun 2008. Dalam Wirausaha dan Keuangan, edisi 57.
Wulandari Lily.Teknoligi Informasi Dalam Perdagangan Jaringan Elektronik. Program Sarjana Magister Universitas Gunadarma.
Muttaqin Azhar,S.Ag., M.Ag. 2009. Transaksi E-Commerce dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam. Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Suhartono, S.Ag., SH., MH..Transaksi E-commerce Syariah. Dalam suatu kajian terhadap perniagaan oneline dalam prespektif hukum periklanan Islam.